中國民族音樂資料館 Chinese Music Archive
專题篇 - Special Topics
预告篇：
– 中国民族音乐在世界各地发展简史
– 各地主要民族音乐唱片公司介绍
– 胡琴家族
– 古筝流派
– 新民乐的前世今生
– 100年老胡琴的故事和音响
– 广东音乐
– 江南丝竹
– 广东汉乐（客家音乐）
［一］ 地方音乐简介 (卷一) Regional Music Introduction (一)
江南丝竹
“丝竹乐”为民间器乐演奏的一种形式，流行于全国各地，因流行地域不同而有不同的称谓，如流行于江苏南部、浙江西部及上海地区的丝竹乐，习惯称为“江南丝竹”。演奏形式是以丝弦和竹管乐器相结合，从一丝一竹到较大的组合均可演奏，常用的乐器包括琵琶、二胡、扬琴、小三弦、秦琴、中胡、笛、笙、箫、鼓、板、木鱼、铃等。乐曲有小曲及曲牌联缀的套曲，各种乐器可按各自性能加花减字，自由发挥其特色，使曲调与节奏互相照应、补充。传统上有著名的“八大名曲”，近年亦有新的创作面世，以丰富固有的曲目。其曲调清新活泼，大多源自民间，属于“细吹细打”的风格，传统曲目大多採用“老六板”体系，加花及拉宽节拍变化而成。
–Jiangnan Sizhu
Sizhu refers to the music of traditional stringed and woodwind instruments. It is prevalent in everywhere of China, but there are different names according to various regions they are brought out. For example, spreading in southern Jiangsu, western Zhejiang and Shanghai area is called Jiangnan Sizhu. Its performing layout is merged of string and woodwind instruments and formulation from one string plus one woodwind to a more complicated ensemble version. Generally, the musical instruments used include pipa, erhu, yangqin, sanxian, qinqin, zhonghu, dizi, sheng, xiao, drum, woodblock, wooden fish, bell, etc. There are popular small tunes and also suite of several qupais united together. Musicians can play the melody naturally or by adding ornaments to it and sometimes play the simplified version of it. In general, there are eight pieces of renowned Jiangnan Sizhu melody, more pieces are composed to enrich the catalogue recently. The melody of Jiangnan Sizhu is vivid and bright, most of them are adapted from the folk music of soft and gentle style. The traditional pieces are always the variations of liu ban system.
–广东音乐
民间器乐的“丝竹乐”流行于珠江三角洲一带及广府语系地区的，称为“岭南丝竹”。它是一种民间器乐的清奏品种，早期被称为“谱子”，多由外江小调及粤戏过场音乐等构成，所用乐器包括广东二弦、竹提琴、月琴、三弦及横箫大笛组成的硬乐“五架头”，及至上世纪二十年代中期，吕文成创改“江南二胡”为“粤乐二胡”（后来改称“高胡”），并结合当年唱片事业的发展，形成一种新的粤韵音乐，普遍地称作“粤乐”，由于此名称的二字，北方发音相近，为重叠音，较为绕舌，而当时唱片片芯上标写演奏者时用了“广乐音乐大家演奏”之句语，其后发展至将此八字分记于片芯两旁，“广东音乐”四字遂开始连用，加上吕文成等音乐家所谱写之音乐，气韵相近，配器上也较接近，因此北方人士首先使用“广东音乐”代替“粤乐”作为称谓，其粤性曲调的地位亦开始渐次成熟，乐种概念油然而生。所用乐器亦转化为软乐组合，包括粤胡、椰胡、扬琴、洞箫、秦琴……等等。
–Guangdong Yinyue
Guangdong Yinyue is also called Cantonese music. It is the Sizhu of the delta area of Pearl River and is named as Lingnan Sizhu. In the early time, it was called Pu Zi which meant instrumental music, it was formed by melodies from the northern district out of the Pearl River and the background music of Cantonese Opera. The instruments include erxian, zhutiqin, yueqin, sanxian and qudi or suona which was called Wujiatou and meant five instruments. Since the mid of 1920s, LU Wen-cheng reformed the Jiangnan erhu and developed the Guangdong erhu which is now called the gaohu. It was then formed a new style of music and was called Yueyue. Yueyue meant Guangdong Yinyue, it was so called because the gramophone records of this new music was recorded by the Guangdong musicians in the same style of performance. The instruments of the new style Guangdong Yinyue include yuehu, yehu, yangqin, xiao, qinqin, etc.
–潮州音乐
民间器乐的“丝竹乐”流行于潮州语系地区的称为“岭东丝竹”或“韩江丝竹”，但一般都以“潮州音乐”称之，它传播于广东潮州、汕头地区，并传至闽南的龙岩、龙溪，西及惠阳，北达五华、大埔、兴宁。曲调多源于民歌、歌舞、小调，并吸收弋阳腔、昆曲、汉调、秦腔、道调和法曲，大约已有四百年的历史了。它的演出形式分广场乐和室内乐两种，广场乐包括潮州大锣鼓、潮州外江锣鼓、潮州八音锣鼓、潮州花灯锣鼓和潮州小锣鼓，室内乐包括潮州弦诗乐、潮阳笛套古乐、潮州细乐和潮州庙堂音乐。潮州音乐最具代表性的特色乐器有潮州二弦、潮州唢呐及深波。二弦的弓子很长，发音尖亮高亢，是弦诗乐的主奏乐器。潮州的大唢呐称“大吹”，小唢呐称“嗳仔”，音色柔美细腻，是锣鼓乐的主奏乐器。深波是高边锣，音色纯厚浑圆，极富地方色彩，它有固定的音高，传统上用作乐队调音的标准。
–Chaozhou Yinyue
It was the Sizhu in the area of Chaozhou language and was called the Lingdong Sizhu or Hanjiang Sizhu, but generally called the Chaozhou Yinyue. It spread in the area of Chaozhou, Shantou of Guangdong province and passed on to Longyan, Longxi of south Fujian. In the western side, it passed on to Huiyang and Wuhua, Dapu, Xingning in the north. Its melody mostly adapted from folk songs and other traditional operatic melodies and had a history of almost four hundred years. It can perform indoors or at the playground. Its main instruments include Chaozhou erxian, Chaozhou suona and shenbo. The bow of erxian is longer than other bowed instruments. It has a loud and high frequency sound and is the chief instrument of the string section. The suona is discriminated into the big one and the small one. The big one is called dachui and the small one is called aizi. The suona is the chief melody instrument of the traditional percussion group. The shenbo is a big gong rich in local music style. It is always used as the tuning standard of the ensemble.
–广东汉乐
“广东汉乐”又称“客家音乐”、“外江弦”、“儒家乐”、“汉调音乐”等，主要流传于广东梅县、汕头、韶关、惠阳等客语地区。它是中原地区人民南迁时带到广东的中原音乐，并结合了当地的音乐，经长期的发展演变而成，大约已有数百年的历史了。演奏的形式分为三类，第一类是“和絃索”及“锣鼓吹”，和絃索是由头弦领奏的丝竹乐，其他乐器还有月琴、琵琶、椰胡、提胡、三弦、笛子等，锣鼓吹是由唢呐领奏的吹打乐，配合苏锣、小锣、钹、碗锣、乳锣、梆子、摇板等打击乐器演奏；第二类是“清乐”，只用筝、琵琶及椰胡三件乐器合乐；第三类是“中军班”，属于职业或半职业的民间音乐班社，是仪仗性的乐队，其演奏主要是古曲“大乐”和民间小调，也有用唢呐吹咔，演奏汉剧唱腔。
–Guangdong Hanyue
Guangdong Hanyue is also called Kejia Yinyue, Waijiang Xian, Rujia Yue, Handiao Yinyue, etc. It is spread in the Kejia language area of Meixian, Shantou, Shaoguan and Huiyang of Guangdong province. It was the music which the emigrants of the middle and lower part of the Yellow River brought them to Guangdong. Since then it merged with the local music and formed the Guangdong Hanyue. It’s performing layout including three formats. The first is called Hexiansuo and Luoguchui. Hexiansuo is a kind of Sizhu which includes instruments of yueqin, pipa, yehu, tihu, sanxian and dizi. Luoguchui is performed by the wind and percussion group, leading by the suona and combined with percussions suluo, xiaoluo, cymbal, wanluo, ruluo, bangzi, yaoban, etc. The second is called qingyue which is played by an ensemble with three instruments including zheng, pipa and yehu. The third one is called zhongjunban which is a ritual band and sometimes use the suona to imitate the song melody of the Han Opera.
–河北吹歌
“河北吹歌”是流行于河北省的一种民间器乐乐种，演奏吹歌的班社称为“吹歌会”，参加的多数是农民，有的家中几辈人都是吹歌能手，吹歌是他们的业馀活动，常常于婚、丧、喜、庆及庙会中演出，或在节日及农閒的时候作为文娱活动。吹歌所用的乐器包括唢呐、海笛（小唢呐）、管子、笙、笛及打击乐器等。演奏的多为民歌及戏曲唱腔，故有“吹歌”之名。
–Hebei Chuige
Hebei Chuige is a kind of native music of Hebei province. It always performs in the festivals and ceremonies to celebrate. The peasants of Hebei are mostly the experts of Chuige and some of them are three generations capable in Chuige. They formed their teams and groups which are called Chuigehui. The instruments used include suona, haidi (small suona), guanzi, sheng, dizi and the percussions which always used to perform folk songs and imitate the song melody of the native opera. So it is called the Chuige.
– 西安鼓乐
“西安鼓乐”是流行于西安市区及终南山一带的具有悠久历史价值的文化艺术遗产，是一种吹奏与锣鼓乐结合的民间器乐合奏乐种，属于细乐类，演奏“西安鼓乐”的班社称为“细乐社”或“古乐社”，其活动多与当地民俗活动结合起来，旧称“香会”和“水会”，今已改称“鼓乐”，香与水是指旧时农民在天旱时的祈雨活动，除此以外，西安古城一带有许多名山古刹，每年春节、秋收的农閒时节都有盛大“鼓会”与“庙会”的活动，是各个乐社“赛乐”的时机，这些活动已相习成风，成为重要的文化交流活动。演奏的形式分为坐乐与行乐两种，坐乐使用的乐器有笛、笙、管、筝、琵琶，配合座鼓、战鼓、乐鼓、独鼓及双云锣、大铙、小铙、大钹、小钹、大锣、马锣、叮噹、星星、梆子等。行乐使用的乐器除了笛等外，还用高把鼓、小勾锣、疙瘩锣、铰子、手梆子等。
–Xian Guyue
Xian Guyue is spread in the urban district of Xian and along the Zhongnan Mountain. It is an art of Shaanxi province with long history. Although it is merged with wind instruments and percussions, it belongs to xiyue which means music of fine and soft. The performing teams and groups are called Xiyueshe or Guyueshe. Their activities are always associated with celebrations and festivals. Every year when the slack season comes, the Xiyueshe and Guyueshe will have their competition games the Temple Fair Festival which become a civilization activity in tradition. It’s performing layout including the sitting format and the marching format. The instruments for the sitting format are dizi, sheng, guanzi, zheng, pipa, drums, double yunluo, cymbals, luos, jingle, small bell and wooden block. While the marching format besides using the aforementioned instruments, they also use additional drums, luos and wooden block.
–绦州鼓乐
“绦州鼓乐”因地而名，绦州今称新绦州，地处山西省，其鼓乐亦称“绦州大鼓”，泛指在新绦县一带流行的锣鼓乐和吹打乐，是新绦县地方文化原生态的艺术体现和时代再现。绦州的鼓艺在远古已现端倪，发展至今，不断改革，藉鼓板锣钹、管弦丝竹，使有限的鼓乐语汇通过花干打，的塑造的形象能进入特定的环境里，演绎出相对完整的故事，期望能达至“鼓会说话”的境界。
–Jiangzhou Guyue
Jiangzhou Guyue is named according to the place it spread. Jiangzhou is now called New Jiangzhou which is in Shanxi province. The wind and percussion music in Jiangzhou is also called Jiangzhou Dagu which reflects the primitive civilization and its revive. The art of Jiangzhou’s drum music is brought down from the ancient times and through reforming, it develops to a satisfactory manner nowadays. It is now identified as “the drum can talk”.
–苏南民间吹打乐
中国民间吹打乐流传甚广，盛行全国各地，有“南”与“北”之分，苏南民间吹打乐就是属于南方一系，比较细腻、流畅，流行于江苏南部长江下游地区的称为“十番锣鼓”，一般都由所谓“堂名”的民间职业鼓乐班社之乐手演奏，是为“吹打”；也有由道家及僧家所奏者，则称“梵音”。“十番锣鼓”一般都是指由若干“鼓段”联缀而成“散套”或不带“鼓段”的小型“吹打”曲，其分类则有由纯打击乐器演奏的“清锣鼓”和兼有管弦乐器演奏的“丝竹锣鼓”，又可再细分为“粗锣鼓”、“细锣鼓”；“笙吹锣鼓”、“笛吹锣鼓”和旧称“鸳鸯拍”的“粗细丝竹锣鼓”等。主要是民间自娱为主，并参加庙会等节庆，遇有民间婚、丧、喜、庆等仪式亦会应邀演奏，当然宗教上，佛道的法事、诵讚也是定必有所参与。
–Sunan Chuida
The traditional music of wind and percussion known as chuida is widely spread in China. It is classified into the southern and northern types. Spreading along the southern part of Jiangsu province is called Sunan Chuida and is belong to the southern type. This kind of music is generally named Shifan Luogu and is always performed by the professional folk musician group which is called Chuida. Another kind performed by the Buddhists and Taoist is called Fanyin. Shifan Luogu is developed from the Santao of certain drum paragraphs linked together or just from the small chuida. It can be classified to Qing Luogu of the pure percussion and the Sizhu Luogu of the percussion together with wind and string instruments. It is mainly the recreation activities for the people, sometimes also play in the celebrations and festivals. Of course, the religious activities of the Buddhists and Taoist are also used it.
–山西民间吹打乐
山西民间吹打乐是属于中国民间吹打乐的北方一系，比较粗犷、豪放，流行于五台、忻县、原平、定襄一带，由若干曲牌按固定顺序联缀成“套曲”演奏，其间亦可取捨其中某些曲牌，在曲牌之间可添加独立的锣鼓段落，以其中某一曲牌为名，多用首个。所使用之乐器以唢呐、管子、笛、笙、大鼓为主，辅以铙、钹、铛及弦乐器，
–Shanxi Chuida
Shanxi Chuida is the wind and percussion music of the northern China. It is loud and open which is widely spread in Wutai, Xin county, Yuanping and Dingxiang. It is developed from linking certain qupais to form a suite. The number of qupais used is depended on the performers and they sometimes add paragraphs of percussion performance into it. The suite is named by using one of the qupai’s name mostly use the first one. Its instruments include suona, guanzi, dizi, sheng, big drum, cymbals and string instruments.